What about the Ethernet? Did you have something plugged into it?
And while the magnetics look destroyed, it looks more like the plastic encapsulation pulled off with the tape (to the left) when someone tried to peel it off than being fried. I don’t see any char marks on the PCB and the pins to the magnetics look clean.
That’s the magnetics for the Ethernet. It’s supposed to isolate the Ethernet port from the rest of your system up to 1.5kV. You can see the little rings with wire around them - those are tiny transformers. If something did that kind of damage to the magnetics, I bet you’ll find discoloration or charring in the Ethernet socket. I can’t think of a good reason why it would take out the rest of your computer, but perhaps you plugged it into an Ethernet port that accidentally had mains across it, or a broken PoE switch? Lightning damage?
Also what do you mean by “stopped working”? Like stopped powering on?
Ffs. 16, 8, 4, 2, 1.
$ :|wc -c 0 $ touch /tmp/f; :>>/tmp/f; wc -c /tmp/f 0 /tmp/f